Description

PART 1
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
1 The Human Organism 1
2 The Chemical Basis of Life 23
3 Cell Biology and Genetics 55
4 Histology: The Study of Tissues 109
PART 2
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
5 Integumentary System 149
6 Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue 173
7 Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy 203
8 Articulations and Movement 252
9 Muscular System: Histology and Physiology 278
10 Muscular System: Gross Anatomy 320
PART 3
INTEGRATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 374
12 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 411
13 Brain and Cranial Nerves 443
14 Integration of Nervous System Functions 476
15 The Special Senses 514
16 Autonomic Nervous System 564
17 Functional Organization of the
Endocrine System 585
18 Endocrine Glands 609

4 Histology: The Study of Tissues 109
Tissues and Histology 110
Embryonic Tissue 110
Epithelial Tissue 110
Connective Tissue 120
Muscle Tissue 134
Nervous Tissue 136
Membranes 137
Inflammation 138
Tissue Repair 140
Tissue and Aging 142
PART 2
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
5 Integumentary System 149
Overview of the Integumentary System 150
Skin 150
Hypodermis 157
Accessory Skin Structures 158
Summary of Integumentary System Functions 163
Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System 165
6 Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue 173
Functions of the Skeletal System 174
Cartilage 174
Bone Histology 175
Bone Anatomy 180
Bone Development 183
Bone Growth 185
Bone Remodeling 191

Bone Repair 192
Calcium Homeostasis 194
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System 198
7 Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy 203
General Considerations 204
Axial Skeleton 206
Appendicular Skeleton 233
8 Articulations and Movement 252
Naming Joints 253
Classes of Joints 253
Types of Movement 259
Range of Motion 263
Description of Selected Joints 263
Effects of Aging on the Joints 272
9 Muscular System: Histology and Physiology 278
Functions of the Muscular System 279
General Functional Characteristics of Muscle 279
Skeletal Muscle Structure 279
Sliding Filament Model 285
Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 285
Physiology of Skeletal Muscle 295
Types of Muscle Contractions 299
Fatigue 301
Energy Sources 303
Slow and Fast Fibers 305
Heat Production 307
Smooth Muscle 307
Cardiac Muscle 311
Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle 312
10 Muscular System: Gross Anatomy 320
General Principles 321
Head Muscles 327
Trunk Muscles 340
Upper Limb Muscles 346
Lower Limb Muscles 359

PART 3
INTEGRATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 374
Functions of the Nervous System 375
Divisions of the Nervous System 375
Cells of the Nervous System 377
Organization of Nervous Tissue 382
Electric Signals 382
The Synapse 394
Neuronal Pathways and Circuits 404
12 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 411
Spinal Cord 412
Reflexes 415
Interactions with Spinal Cord Reflexes 421
Structure of Peripheral Nerves 421
Spinal Nerves 422
13 Brain and Cranial Nerves 443
Development of the CNS 445
Brainstem 445
Cerebellum 449
Diencephalon 449
Cerebrum 453
Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 456
Blood Supply to the Brain 461
Cranial Nerves 462
14 Integration of Nervous System Functions 476
Sensation 477
Control of Skeletal Muscles 490
Brainstem Functions 498
Other Brain Functions 500
Effects of Aging on the Nervous System 506
15 The Special Senses 514
Olfaction 515
Taste 518
Visual System 521
Hearing and Balance 542
Effects of Aging on the Special Senses 556
16 Autonomic Nervous System 564
Contrasting the Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems 565
Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System 565
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System 572
Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System 576
Functional Generalizations About the
Autonomic Nervous System 578

Functional Organization of the
Endocrine System 585
General Characteristics of the Endocrine System 586
Chemical Structure of Hormones 587
Control of Secretion Rate 587
Transport and Distribution in the Body 593
Metabolism and Excretion 594
Interaction of Hormones with Their Target Tissues 595
Classes of Receptors 597
18 Endocrine Glands 609
Functions of the Endocrine System 610
Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 610
Thyroid Gland 619
Parathyroid Glands 624
Adrenal Glands 627
Pancreas 632
Hormonal Regulation of Nutrients 638
Hormones of the Reproductive System 640
Hormones of the Pineal Body 641
Hormones of the Thymus 642
Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract 642
Hormonelike Substances 642
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System 643

PART 4
REGULATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
19 Cardiovascular System: Blood 650
Functions of Blood 651
Plasma 652
Formed Elements 653
Hemostasis 662
Blood Grouping 667
Diagnostic Blood Tests 671
20 Cardiovascular System: The Heart 678
Functions of the Heart 679
Size, Shape, and Location of the Heart 679
Anatomy of the Heart 681
Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart 687
Histology 689
Electrical Properties 692
Cardiac Cycle 695
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure 703

Regulation of the Heart 705
Heart and Homeostasis 709
Effects of Aging on the Heart 711
21 Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation
and Regulation 721
Functions of the Peripheral Circulation 722
General Features of Blood Vessel Structure 722
Pulmonary Circulation 728
Systemic Circulation: Arteries 728
Systemic Circulation: Veins 739
Dynamics of Blood Circulation 751
Physiology of Systemic Circulation 755
Control of Blood Flow in Tissues 761
Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure 765
22 Lymphatic System and Immunity 782
Lymphatic System 783
Immunity 792
Innate Immunity 792
Adaptive Immunity 798
Immune Interactions 814
Immunotherapy 814
Acquired Immunity 816
Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System
and Immunity 818
23 Respiratory System 825
Functions of the Respiratory System 826
Anatomy and Histology of the Respiratory System 826
Ventilation 841
Measurement of Lung Function 846
Physical Principles of Gas Exchange 848
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood 851
Regulation of Ventilation 856
Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise 863
Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System 863
24 Digestive System 873
Anatomy of the Digestive System 874
Functions of the Digestive System 874
Histology of the Digestive Tract 876
Regulation of the Digestive System 877
Peritoneum 878
Oral Cavity 880

Pharynx 886
Esophagus 886
Swallowing 886
Stomach 888
Small Intestine 896
Liver 899
Gallbladder 904
Pancreas 905
Large Intestine 907
Digestion, Absorption, and Transport 912
Effects of Aging on the Digestive System 920
25 Nutrition, Metabolism, and
Temperature Regulation 927
Nutrition 928
Metabolism 937
Carbohydrate Metabolism 938
Lipid Metabolism 946
Protein Metabolism 948
Interconversion of Nutrient Molecules 950
Metabolic States 951
Metabolic Rate 953
Body Temperature Regulation 954
26 Urinary System 961
Functions of the Urinary System 962
Kidney Anatomy and Histology 962
Urine Production 970
Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume 983
Plasma Clearance and Tubular Maximum 991
Urine Movement 992
Effects of Aging on the Kidneys 996
27 Water, Electrolytes, and
Acid–Base Balance 1004
Body Fluids 1005
Regulation of Body Fluid Concentration and Volume 1006
Regulation of Intracellular Fluid Composition 1011
Regulation of Specific Electrolytes in the
Extracellular Fluid 1012
Regulation of Acid–Base Balance 1020
PART 5
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
28 Reproductive System 1031
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 1033
Physiology of Male Reproduction 1045
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 1049
Physiology of Female Reproduction 1059
Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System 1071
29 Development, Growth, and Aging 1081
Prenatal Development 1082
Parturition 1104
The Newborn 1106
Lactation 1110
First Year After Birth 1111
Life Stages 1111
Aging 1112
Death 1113
APPENDICES
A Periodic Table A-0
B Scientific Notation A-0
C Solution Concentrations A-0
D pH A-0
E Answers to Review and Comprehension
Questions A-0
F Answers to Critical Thinking Questions A-0
G Answers to Predict Questions A-0
GLOSSARY G-0
CREDITS C-0
INDEX I-0