Description

Introduction and Historical
Overview
1
Defining Mental Disorder 4
Personal Distress 5
Disability 6
Violation of Social Norms 6
Dysfunction 7
History of Psychopathology 8
Early Demonology 8
Early Biological Explanations 9
The Dark Ages and Demonology 9
Development of Asylums 11
The Evolution of Contemporary Thought 14
Biological Approaches 14
Psychological Approaches 15
The Mental Health Professions 25
Summary 27
2
Current Paradigms
in Psychopathology
29
The Genetic Paradigm 30
Behavior Genetics 31
Molecular Genetics 32
Gene–Environment Interactions 33
Reciprocal Gene–Environment Interactions 35
Evaluating the Genetic Paradigm 35
The Neuroscience Paradigm 36
Neurons and Neurotransmitters 36
Structure and Function of the Human Brain 38
The Neuroendocrine System 40
Neuroscience Approaches to Treatment 42
Evaluating the Neuroscience Paradigm 42
The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm 43
Influences from Behavior Therapy 43
Cognitive Science 45
The Role of the Unconscious 46
Cognitive Behavior Therapy 47
Evaluating the Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm 48
Factors That Cut across the Paradigms 49
Emotion and Psychopathology 49
Sociocultural Factors and Psychopathology 50
Interpersonal Factors and Psychopathology 54
Diathesis–Stress: An Integrative Paradigm
58
Summary 60
3
Diagnosis and Assessment 62
Cornerstones of Diagnosis and Assessment
63
Reliability 64
Validity 64
Classification and Diagnosis 65
The Diagnostic System of the American Psychiatric
Association: Toward DSM-5 66
Specific Criticisms of the DSM 77
General Criticisms of Diagnosing Mental Illness 78
Psychological Assessment 80
Clinical Interviews 80
Assessment of Stress 83
Personality Tests 85
Intelligence Tests 89
Behavioral and Cognitive Assessment 90
Neurobiological Assessment 94
Brain Imaging: “Seeing” the Brain 94
Neurotransmitter Assessment 95
Neuropsychological Assessment 96

Psychophysiological Assessment 98
A Cautionary Note about Neurobiological
Assessment 98
Cultural and Ethnic Diversity and Assessment
100
Cultural Bias in Assessment 100
Strategies for Avoiding Cultural Bias in Assessment 101
Summary 102
4
Research Methods in
Psychopathology
104
Science and Scientific Methods 104
Approaches to Research on Psychopathology
105
The Case Study 105
The Correlational Method 107
The Experiment 115
Integrating the Findings of Multiple Studies
127
Summary 129
5
Mood Disorders 131
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Mood
Disorders 132
Depressive Disorders 132
Bipolar Disorders 138
Subtypes of Depressive Disorders and Bipolar
Disorders 142
Etiology of Mood Disorders 143
Neurobiological Factors in Mood Disorders 144
Social Factors in Depression: Life Events and
Interpersonal Difficulties 150
Psychological Factors in Depression 151
Fitting Together the Etiological Factors
in Depressive Disorders
155
Social and Psychological Factors in Bipolar
Disorder 155
Treatment of Mood Disorders 156
Psychological Treatment of Depression 157
Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 160
Biological Treatment of Mood Disorders 160
Depression and Primary Care 165
A Final Note on Treatment 165
Suicide 166
Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicide Attempts 167
Models of Suicide 168
Preventing Suicide 170
Summary 172
6
Anxiety Disorders 174
Clinical Descriptions of the Anxiety Disorders
176
Specific Phobias 176
Social Anxiety Disorder 177
Panic Disorder 179
Agoraphobia 180
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 181
Comorbidity in Anxiety Disorders 181
Gender and Sociocultural Factors in the Anxiety
Disorders 182
Gender 182
Culture 182
Common Risk Factors across the Anxiety
Disorders 184
Fear Conditioning 185
Genetic Factors: Are Genes a Diathesis for Anxiety
Disorders? 186
Neurobiological Factors: The Fear Circuit
and the Activity of Neurotransmitters 186
Personality: Behavioral Inhibition and Neuroticism 187
Cognitive Factors 187
Etiology of Specific Anxiety Disorders 189
Etiology of Specific Phobias 189
Etiology of Social Anxiety Disorder 190
Etiology of Panic Disorder 191
Etiology of Agoraphobia 193
Etiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder 193
Treatments of the Anxiety Disorders 195
Commonalities across Psychological Treatments 195
Psychological Treatments of Specific Anxiety
Disorders 197
Medications That Reduce Anxiety 199

Obsessive-Compulsive-Related and
Trauma-Related Disorders 203
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders
204
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of the
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 205
Etiology of the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders 209
Treatment of the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders 212
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress
Disorder
216
Clinical Description and Epidemiology of Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder 216
Etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 219
Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
and Acute Stress Disorder 222
Summary 225
8
Dissociative Disorders and Somatic
Symptom Disorders 226
Dissociative Disorders 228
Dissociation and Memory 229
Dissociative Amnesia 230
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 232
Dissociative Identity Disorder 233
Somatic Symptom Disorders 238
Clinical Description of Complex Somatic Symptom
Disorder 240
Clinical Description of Illness Anxiety
Disorder 240
Clinical Description of Functional Neurological
Disorder 241
Etiology of Somatic Symptom Disorders 244
Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorders 248
Summary 251
9
Schizophrenia 252
Clinical Descriptions of Schizophrenia 253
Positive Symptoms 254
Negative Symptoms 255
Disorganized Symptoms 256
Movement Symptoms 258
Schizophrenia and the DSM-5 259
Etiology of Schizophrenia 261
Genetic Factors 261
The Role of Neurotransmitters 266
Brain Structure and Function 268
Environmental Factors Influencing the Developing
Brain 270
Psychological Factors 271
Developmental Factors 274
Treatment of Schizophrenia 276
Medications 276
Psychological Treatments 280
Summary 286
10
Substance Use Disorders 287
Clinical Descriptions, Prevalence, and Effects
of Substance
Use Disorders 287
Alcohol Use Disorder 289
Tobacco Use Disorder 293
Marijuana 295
Opiates 299
Stimulants 302
Hallucinogens, Ecstasy, and PCP 305
Etiology of Substance Use Disorders 308
Genetic Factors 309
Neurobiological Factors 310
Psychological Factors 312
Sociocultural Factors 314
Treatment of Substance Use Disorders 317
Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder 318
Treatments for Smoking 322
Treatment of Drug Use Disorders 324

Prevention of Substance Use Disorders 329
Summary 331
11
Eating Disorders 333
Clinical Descriptions of Eating Disorders
334
Anorexia Nervosa 334
Bulimia Nervosa 337
Binge Eating Disorder 340
Etiology of Eating Disorders 343
Genetic Factors 343
Neurobiological Factors 344
Cognitive Behavioral Factors 346
Sociocultural Factors 349
Other Factors Contributing to the Etiology of Eating
Disorders 353
Treatment of Eating Disorders 355
Medications 355
Psychological Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa 356
Psychological Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa 357
Psychological Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder 358
Preventive Interventions for Eating Disorders 359
Summary 360
12
Sexual Disorders 362
Sexual Norms and Behavior 362
Gender and Sexuality 363
The Sexual Response Cycle 365
Sexual Dysfunctions 367
Clinical Descriptions of Sexual Dysfunctions 367
Etiology of Sexual Dysfunctions 372
Treatments of Sexual Dysfunctions 375
The Paraphilias 379
Fetishistic Disorder 380
Pedohebephilic Disorder and Incest 381
Voyeuristic Disorder 384
Exhibitionistic Disorder 384
Frotteuristic Disorder 384
Sexual Sadism and Masochism Disorders 384
Etiology of the Paraphilias 385
Treatments for the Paraphilias 387
Summary 391
13
Disorders of Childhood 393
Classification and Diagnosis of Childhood
Disorders
394
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
399
Clinical Descriptions, Prevalence, and Prognosis of
ADHD 399
Etiology of ADHD 403
Treatment of ADHD 405
Conduct Disorder 407
Clinical Description, Prevalence, and
Prognosis of Conduct Disorder 407
Etiology of Conduct Disorder 409
Treatment of Conduct Disorder 412
Depression and Anxiety in Children and
Adolescents
415
Depression 415
Anxiety 418
Learning Disabilities 423
Clinical Descriptions 424
Etiology of Learning Disabilities 424
Treatment of Learning Disabilities 426
Intellectual Developmental Disorder 427
Diagnosis and Assessment of Intellectual
Developmental Disorder 428
Etiology of Intellectual Developmental Disorder 428
Treatment of Intellectual Developmental Disorder 430
Autism Spectrum Disorder 432
Clinical Descriptions, Prevalence, and Prognosis of
Autism Spectrum Disorder 432
Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder 438
Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder 439
Summary 441

14
Late Life and Neurocognitive
Disorders
443
Aging: Issues and Methods 444
Myths about Late Life 445
The Problems Experienced in Late Life 446
Research Methods in the Study of Aging 447
Psychological Disorders in Late Life 448
Estimating the Prevalence of Psychological
Disorders in Late Life 449
Methodological Issues in Estimating the
Prevalence of Psychopathology 450
Neurocognitive Disorders in Late Life 451
Dementia 451
Delirium 460
Summary 463
15
Personality and Personality
Disorders
465
Comparing Personality Assessment in the
DSM-IV-TR and the Proposed DSM-5 466
The Steps of Personality Assessment in the Proposed
DSM-5 469
Levels of Personality Functioning 469
Personality Disorder Types 470
Personality Trait Domains and Facets 471
Personality Disorder Types 473
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 474
Narcissistic Personality Disorder 475
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 476
Avoidant Personality Disorder 477
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy 479
Borderline Personality Disorder 484
Treatment of Personality Disorders 487
General Approaches to the Treatment of Personality
Disorders 488
Treatment of Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Avoidant
Personality
Disorder, and Psychopathy 489
Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder 489
Summary 492
16
Legal and Ethical Issues 493
Criminal Commitment 494
The Insanity Defense 495
Competency to Stand Trial 500
Insanity, Intellectual Disability, and Capital
Punishment 503
Civil Commitment 506
Preventive Detention and Problems in the Prediction
of Dangerousness 507
Toward Greater Protection of the Rights of People
with Mental Illness 508
Deinstitutionalization, Civil Liberties, and Mental
Health 513
Ethical Dilemmas in Therapy and Research
515
Ethical Restraints on Research 515
Informed Consent 517
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication 518
Who Is the Client or Patient? 518
Summary 519
Glossary G1
References R1
Quotation and Illustration credits Q1
Name Index N1
Subject Index S1